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Nervous system is the most important system of human body. More and more neurotoxic chemicals are found to inflict effects on nervous system, causing cognitive impairment. In this overview, the neurotoxic effects of environmental factors and their relationship with neurodegenerative diseases are briefly introduced. Further, aiming at the damage to the nervous system caused by metals such as aluminum, manganese, and iron, this special column attempted to evaluate the damage degree by combining objective imaging and cognitive scales and to explore the mechanism of toxicity (including neurotransmitter secretion disorders and tau protein hyperphosphorylation) by in vitro experiments. These papers also introduced intervention studies using hydrogen-rich water to target the damage of ionizing radiation to the nervous system and discussed the intervention mechanism as modulating the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/Caspase-9 pathway, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway.
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ObjectiveTo explore the effect and toxicity change rule of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata（ALRP） and Zingiberis Rhizoma（ZR） before and after compatibility， and to reveal the compatibility connotation of them. MethodSixty SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， blank-ALRP group， blank-ALRP-ZR group， model group， model-ALRP group and model-ALRP-ZR group， the latter three groups were injected with adriamycin via tail vein to establish the model of heart failure， and the former three groups were injected with the same amount of physiological saline via tail vein. The effects of ALRP single decoction and ALRP-ZR mixed decoction on biochemical indexes and myocardial histopathological morphology of normal rats and model rats were compared. Metabolomics analysis was performed on rat serum samples， principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to screen the differential metabolites between groups， and the differential metabolic pathways were analyzed. Combined with network pharmacology technology， the metabolites and their associated targets and pathways related to enhancing anti-heart failure efficacy and reducing cardiotoxicity were screened before and after the compatibility of ALRP and ZR， the screened representative pathways were verified by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group showed significant increases in the contents of brain natriuretic peptide（BNP）， creatine kinase（CK）， lactate dehydrogenase（LDH） and cardiac troponin（cTn）-T（P<0.01）， the blank-ALRP group showed obvious increases in CK， LDH， and cTn-T contents（P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the normal-ALRP-ZR group showed a significant increase in CK content（P<0.01）. Compared with the blank-ALRP group， the blank-ALRP-ZR group showed a obvious decrease in LDH content（P<0.05）， and pathological sections showed that both decoctions could lead to myocardial histopathological damage in normal rats. Compared with the model group， the model-ALRP-ZR group showed obvious decreases in BNP， CK， LDH and cTn-T contents（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the model-ALRP group showed obvious decreases in BNP， LDH and cTn-T contents（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model-ALRP group， the model-ALRP-ZR group showed a significant decrease in CK content（P<0.01）， and both decoctions could improve the pathological morphology of myocardial tissue in the model rats. Metabolomics results showed that ALRP single decoction and ALRP-ZR mixed decoction could recover 422 and 459 metabolites in model rats， respectively. And the metabolic disruption of ALRP-ZR mixed decoction on normal rats was weaker than that of ALRP single decoction. The results of network pharmacological association analysis showed that in the aspect of ZR enhancing the anti-heart failure efficacy of ALRP， 3 metabolites such as deoxyuridylic acid were correlated to 56 metabolites， 82 targets and 13 pathways， including calcium signaling pathway， renin secretion， renin-angiotensin system， etc. In the aspect of ZR reducing the cardiotoxicity of ALRP， 3 metabolites such as tyrosol were associated with 24 metabolites， 55 targets and 14 pathways， including adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes and carbon metabolism and so on. Western blot results showed that the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme（ACE）， angiotensin-converting enzyme 2（ACE2） and angiotensin Ⅱ（Ang Ⅱ） in myocardial tissues of rats from the model group was significantly elevated by comparing with the blank group（P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the model-ALRP group and the model-ALRP-ZR group showed significantly decreased expression of ACE， ACE2 and Ang Ⅱ（P<0.01）. Compared with the model-ALRP group， the expression of ACE2 and AngⅡ was significantly decreased in the model-ALRP-ZR group. Compared with the blank group， the expression of extracellular signal regulated kinase（ERK）， protein kinase B（Akt） and cTn-I3 was significantly elevated in the blank-ALRP group and blank-ALRP-ZR group（P<0.01）. Compared with the blank-ALRP group， the blank-ALRP-ZR group showed decreased expression of ERK， Akt and cTn-I3， but there was no statistical significance. ConclusionTo a certain extent， the combination of ALRP and ZR shows synergistic relationship under pathological state， and attenuated effect of compatibility under normal physiological state， and the pharmacodynamic characteristics and compatibility relationship of ALRP and ZR are closely related to the physiological state.
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The mechanism of methamphetamine toxicity and addiction is the key research direction of forensic toxicology, and the development of omics technology provides a new platform for further study of this direction. METH toxic damage and addiction are reflected differently in genes, ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcription, protein and metabolism. This article summarizes the achievements and shortcomings of multi-omics technologies such as genome, transcriptome, metabolome and proteome in the study of METH damage and addiction, and discusses the strategies and advantages of multi-omics combined analysis in the study of METH toxic damage and addiction mechanism, in order to provide more useful reference information for forensic toxicology of METH.
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Metabolome , Metabolomics , Methamphetamine/toxicity , Proteome , ProteomicsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To study the use of Chinese medicine (CM) in cancer patients in southern China.@*METHODS@#A total of 1,950 cancer patients finished questionnaires in four provinces in southern China. The survey included socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants, dosage forms, efficacy, and side effects.@*RESULTS@#The study results showed that cancer patients with higher education (>12 years) were more likely to accept the treatment of Chinese herbs. There were 54.61% (1,065 cases) of patients chose Chinese herbs for the initial treatment and 14.46% (282 cases) chose Chinese herbs as monotherapy. Most patients (54.51%, 1,063 cases) continuously used CM for more than 6 months, and a few of them (212 cases) used CM for up to 3 years. All kinds of dosage forms of CM had been used, including CM decoction, CM patent prescription and CM injection. Concerning the efficacy in the view of patients, 40.31% (786 cases) believed that it would be effective to take Chinese herbs before they starting the anti-cancer treatment, and the percentage increased to 81.08% after 1-month CM treatment. The effect of Chinese herbs was mainly demonstrated by symptom relief and improvement of quality of life, and 8.31% (162 cases) of patients experienced control of tumor growth and decreased tumor markers. Furthermore, only 14.31% (279 cases) participants reported that they experienced side effects during CM treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#This large scale investigation reflects the current situation of domestic CM usage objectively and comprehensively, which might provide new ways for cancer treatment.
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Global plastics production has been increasing year by year. Due to the large quantity of plastics and the difficulty of their degradation, plastics are continuously accumulated in the environment. Therefore, plastic waste has become one of the most serious threats to the global environment. Microplastics can be absorbed into organisms through the mouth, respiratory tract and skin, causing organ(intestine, liver) toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Moreover, microplastics can also take up other pollutants distributed in the surrounding environment, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, jointly exerting combined toxic effects. The extracts of microplastics, including microplastics unstable polymers and additives, also have toxic effects. The molecular mechanisms involved in the toxic effects induced by microplastics include oxidative stress, inflammation, disturbance of intestinal flora, disturbance of gene expression, and others.
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Neonicotinoid is a kind of neuroactive pesticide， and it has become the most widely used pesticide in the world. In recent years， neonicotinoid has been detected in the environment and food， suggesting that human can be exposed to this kind of pesticide through drinking water， ingestion and respiration， which poses potential health hazards to human. However， there is no comprehensive report on the pollution level of neonicotinoid pesticides in the environment and food and the impact on human health. In this paper， the pollution status， population exposure level and potential health risks of neonicotinoid pesticides in water， air and food were reviewed. We found that neonicotinoid residues are widespread in fruits and vegetables， of which imidacloprid has the highest detection rate. Except for a few samples with excessive neonicotinoid detection， the detection level in most samples did not exceed national food safety standards. A variety of neonicotinoid pesticides have been detected in the air， surface water， tap water and drinking water. External exposure studies in the population have shown that ingestion is the main route of exposure to neonicotinoid， and the external exposure level is much lower than its chronic reference dose. The internal exposure study mainly detected the concentration of neonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites in urine. A variety of neonicotinoid pesticides and their metabolites are detected in urine， and the concentration range is ng/ml level. Internal exposure studies found that the detection rate of thiamethoxam and dinotefuran in urine is higher， and the detection rate of neonicotinoid in Asian countries is higher than that in European and American countries. Occupational exposure studies found that neonicotinoid exposure levels increased after pesticide spraying， and the exposure levels in rural areas where pesticides were commonly used were higher than those in neighboring urban areas. Animal experiments have found that neonicotinoid pesticides have reproductive toxicity， genetic toxicity， neurotoxicity， immunotoxicity， liver toxicity and nephrotoxicity to non-target organisms. Cell experiments suggest that neonicotinoid is an endocrine disruptor. The symptoms of acute exposure in humans are related to the exposure dose， route and physical condition of the exposed person， which ranges from mild symptoms （nausea， vomiting， headache and diarrhea） to death. Population epidemiological studies have shown that chronic exposure to neonicotinoid pesticides is associated with adverse health effects in humans such as neonatal tetralogy of Fallot， anencephaly， and adverse mental symptoms.
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Objective To analyze the efficacy and toxicity of WT-2016 regimen by comparing the clinical effects between WT-2016 and NWTS-5 chemotherapy regimens in treating children with Wlims tumor(WT). Methods We reviewed clinical data of children with WT initially treated in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2014 to February 2019. The staging and classification was determined according to the NWTS standards. The chemotherapy regimen was chosen between WT-2016 or NWTS-5 program. Event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The relapse rate, myelosuppression rate, sepsis rate, and the incidence of pulmonary infection or abnormal liver function were compared using chi-square test. Results Of 116 children, 40 patients were treated with chemotherapy regimen WT-2016 and 76 were treated with chemotherapy regimen NWTS-5. The follow-up duration was 10.8 months (range from 5.8 to 26.6 months) and 39.2 months (range from 4.5 to 66.5 months), respectively. Two-year OS estimate was 86.6% and 88.1% (P=0.64), respectively; two-year EFS estimate was 80.0% and 74.9% (P=0.90), respectively. Overall relapse rate was 7.5% and 25.0% (P=0.02), respectively. The grade myelosuppression rate was 42.5% and 19.7% (P=0.01), respectively. Moreover, the relapse rate in children with low-stage tumors was 7.7% and 16.2% (P=0.77), respectively, and that in high-stage tumors was 7.4% and 33.3% (P=0.03), respectively. The relapse rate in children with non-anaplastic tumors was 9.1% and 22.6% (P=0.18), respectively; that in anaplastic tumors was 0% and 35.7% (P=0.12), respectively. The grade myelosuppression rate in children with low-stage tumors was 23.1% and 0% (P=0.01), respectively; that in high-stage tumors was 51.9% and 38.5% (P=0.28), respectively. The grade myelosuppression rate in children with non-anaplastic tumors was 30.3% and 19.4% (P=0.35), respectively; that in anaplastic tumors was 100% and 21.4% (P<0.01), respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in the incidence of sepsis, pulmonary infection or abnormal liver function. Conclusion WT-2016 chemotherapy regimen is associated with significantly decreased relapse rate and increased incidence of myelosuppression in children with WT campared with NWTS-S regimen.
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To investigate the potential toxic effects and mechanisms of Tris(1; 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) on thyroid in female SD rats. Thirty-two 3-weeks-old female SD rats were randomly divided into normal group(treated with corn oil ), and low/moderate/high-dose group treated with TDCIPP (dissolved in corn oil )(n=8). All rats were treated with corn oil or TDCIPP (50, 100, 250 mg/(kg·d)) once a day during a 21-day period. All rats were sacrificed after the last administration. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4), free 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronine (FT4) were detected with ELISA kit. Morphology of thyroid was observed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Expressions of genes and proteins correlate with thyroid were measured respectively by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot. Compared with control group, morphology of thyroid showed follicles irregular arrangement, hypocolloid, and follicular hyperplasia in TDCIPP treatment groups. The levels of serum TSH in low-dose TDCIPP group and T3 in high-dose TDCIPP group were significantly higher than those in control group(P＜0.05). Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) mRNA expression was decreased distinctly in low-dose TDCIPP group, while the expression of thyroperoxidase (TPO) mRNA was increased notably in moderate and high-dose TDCIPP groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.01). Compared with control group, the level of TRβ protein was decreased significantly in moderate and high-dose TDCIPP groups, while the expressions of udp-glucuronosyl-transferases (UGTs) and cytochrome-p450-3A1 (CYP3A1) proteins were upregulated notably in TDCIPP treatment groups(P＜0.05). Treated with 50 mg/(kg·d) TDCIPP can cause thyroid hyperplasia, change the levels of thyroid hormones, and disturb thyroid function, therefore, it has toxic effects on the thyroid.
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Aims: This study was carry out to determine the dose effect of aqueous and hydro-ethanol C. colocynthis fruit extracts on some properties and serum biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Study Design: Random trial. Place and Duration of Study: University of Douala-Cameroon. Faculty of Science. Laboratory of Biochemistry, between April 2017 and June 2017. Methodology: Forty two albino male rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinus), aged 2 to 3 months and weighing 150- 200 g were used in this study. Animals were randomly distributed into 7 experimental groups of six rats each. One group was used as healthy control and diabetes was induced in the 6 others groups by intraperitoneal injection with alloxan monohydrate into tail veins. Five diabetic groups received oral glibenclamide (3mg/kg), 50 and 100 mg/kg bw of aqueous or hydro-ethanol fruit extract of Citrullus colocynthis respectively The remaining group was assigned as diabetic control rats. Body weight and serum biochemical parameters (glucose, lipids, transaminases and creatinine) were recorded weekly during 3 weeks. Results: Diabetes induction of with alloxan significantly (p = .05) increases blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, transaminases (AST, ALT) and creatinine blood level. Treatment of rats with hydro-ethanol extract (100 mg/kg.bw) steadily reduces (80.44%) glycemia but cause a significant increase of the liver relative mass, AST (138.38 IU/l) and ALT (152.35 IU/l) blood levels (p = .05). Administration of 50 mg/kg bw hydro-ethanol and aqueous extracts significantly reduce the glucose (22-46.44%), triglycerides, total cholesterol, transaminases and creatinine blood levels (72 to 85 %) (p = .05). Conclusion: The administration of glibenclamide (3mg/kg), 50 and 100 mg/kg bw aqueous extracts and 50 mg/kg bw hydro ethanol extracts significantly reversed the damage associated with Alloxan induced diabetes close to the normal. The dose of 100 mg/kg bw hydro ethanol extracts should be avoided because of it toxic effects.
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Antitumor drugs have the characteristics of low therapeutic index, narrow safety window, and so on, which are prone to have toxic and side effects in the course of clinical therapy, thus limiting their use. In recent years, some studies have pointed out that the mechanism of adverse reactions of antitumor drugs is related to drug metabolism enzymes, receptors and transporters. Among them, drug metabolism enzymes and their gene polymorphisms play an important role in the toxic and side effects of antitumor drugs. In this paper, we analyze and summarize the side effects of antitumor drugs mediated by drug metabolism enzymes, mainly from the aspects of the roles of metabolic enzymes and their gene polymorphism in the metabolic activation and metabolic detoxification of antitumor drugs, in order to effectively avoid or reduce the toxic side effects of antitumor drugs, and to provide a reference for individualized treatment of cancer.
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Differences of the individual toxic effects of antitumor drugs have been a concern in clinical treatment of cancers. The drug toxicity was not only related to the age, sex, and drug interactions, but also to the expression of protein involved in the metabolism, targets and transporters of drugs. Drug transporter mediates the absorption, distribution and elimination of some drugs, which exhibits a great significance in pharmacology and clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to provide information regarding trans-porter-medicated toxic effects of antitumor drugs in order to reduce or avoid the transporter-medicated toxic effects, and to promote reasonable drug use and individualized application of antitumor drugs in clinics.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the toxic effects of four different kinds of aluminum compounds in rat adrenal-derived pheochromocytoma cell PC12. METHODS: PC12 cells at logarithmic growth phase were treated with four different kinds of aluminum compounds: aluminum maltolate( concentration was 0. 0,0. 1,0. 2,0. 4,0. 8 mmol / L),aluminum chloride( concentration was 0. 0,1. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0 mmol/L),aluminum citrate( concentration was 0. 0,1. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0mmol / L) and aluminum lactate( concentration was 0. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0,16. 0 mmol / L) for 24 hours,respectively. The cell viability was determined with CCK-8 assay,and the apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: All of the aluminum compounds suppressed the cell viability and increased apoptosis( P < 0. 01). Most of the effects were in a dose dependent manner. Comparing with the control,the minimum effective concentration of aluminum maltolate,aluminium chloride,aluminum citrate and aluminum lactate were 0. 2,2. 0,2. 0 and 4. 0 mmol / L,respectively,in cell viability( P < 0. 05); and 0. 1,2. 0,1. 0 and 2. 0 mmol/L in cell apoptosis( P < 0. 05). The 24 hours 50% inhibitory concentration of the above four aluminum compounds were( 0. 45 ± 0. 01),( 4. 02 ± 0. 39),( 5. 37 ± 0. 88) and( 6. 31 ±0. 58) mmol / L,respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment of all four aluminum compounds had reduced cell viability and increased the percentage of cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in PC12 cells. The best dose-response relation was observed in aluminum maltolate treatment group,and a relatively low dose of it was required in in-vitro toxicology study.Therefore,aluminum maltolate posed to be better reagent than the other three for in-vitro aluminum toxicity study.
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Mycotoxins have been identified as important toxins affecting animal species and humans ever since the discovery of aflatoxin B1 in 1960. Mycotoxigenic fungi are ubiquitous in nature and are held responsible for economic loss as they decrease crop yield and quality of food. The presence of fungi and their mycotoxins are reported not only in food grains but also in medicinal herbs and processed foods. Since prevention is not always possible, detoxification of mycotoxins have been attempted using several means; however, only few have been accepted for practical use, e.g. ammonia in the corn industry. Organizations such as the World Health Organization, US Food and Drug Administration and European Union have set regulations and safety limits of important mycotoxins, viz. aflatoxins, fusarium toxins, ochratoxin, patulin zearalenone, etc., to ensure the safety of the consumers. This review article is a brief and up-to-date account of the occurrence, detection and detoxification of mycotoxins for those interested in and considering research in this area.
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Objective To explore the toxic effect of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-αantisense oligonucleotide (αASODN) on the retina. Methods Twenty-four healthy adult colored rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups in six for each group. Intravitreous injections of 0.1ml different density diluents containing PDGFR-αASODN and liposome were performed in the right eyes in 3 groups. The other group was injected with 0.1 mL balanced salt solution (BSS) as the control group. The left eyes of all animals were not rejected. Slit lamp examination, indirect ophthalmoscopy and electroretinogram (ERG) examination were performed at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after the injection. On the day 28, the right eyes were harvested, and HE、immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy of retinal tissue were performed . Results The slit lamp, indirect ophthalmoscope examination of all groups were normal in each time. ERG examination yielded no difference in the amplitude of b wave between the treated groups and the normal control group. Pathological changes of the retinal tissue were not observed in the examinations of HE and immunohistochemical at the day 28 after injection. Electron microscope observation of retinal photoreceptor cells in the group D showed the parts of gaps between membranous discs were expanding, parts of were fusing, a few of clearances around cell nucleus were slightly enlarged,and the shapes of the cell nucleus were slightly irregular. Conclusions To inject 0.1 mL PDGFR-αASODN/lip2000 into the vitreous chamber, PDGFR-αASODN can be relatively safe when its concentration is less than 1.5μmol/L.
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Objective To analysis the the effect of Ji Desheng Sheyao on coagulation,liver, kidney function in bee sting injury patients with severe toxic effect.Methods 42 bee sting injury patients with severe toxic effect were collected.Corresponding treatment and nursing measures were given respectively, after the treatment, the coagulation function,liver, kidney function and nursing effect were detected in all patients.Results After treatment compared with control group,there was no significant difference in the coagulation function of the patients in the experimental group;the serum levels of ALT,AST and TBIL were lower in the experimental group (P<0.05); the serum levels of BUN and Scr were lower in the experimental group(P<0.05);the incidence of complications was lower, and the nursing satisfaction was higher in the experimental group(P<0.05).Conclusions Ji Desheng Sheyao and good nursing measures can significantly reduce oxidative stress in patients with severe toxic effect , improve liver and kidney function, reduce the incidence of complications, improve patient care satisfaction.
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Objective To observe the effect of nonylphenol (NP) on plasma and urine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels and expression of 5-HT and of 5-HT2A receptor in the platelets of rats, so as to explore the toxic mechanisms of NP on 5-HT and 5-HT2A receptor.
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Objective To evaluate the toxic effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis(Bti)wettable powder against Ae-des,Culex and Anopheles larvae. Methods The biological assay was applied to test the lethal concentration of 50%(LC50)of Bti wettable powder against Aedes,Culex and Anopheles larvae. Results The LC50(s) of Bti wettable powder against Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens pallens and Anopheles sinensis larvae were 0.104,0.160μg/ml and 0.324μg/ml,respectively;its biological poten-cies against them were 0.125,0.192 IU/ml and 0.389 IU/ml,respectively. The LC50(s) of continuous contact of Bti wettable powder with An. sinensis stageⅢlarvae for 1,2 d and 3 d were 0.324,0.092μg/ml and 0.032μg/ml,respectively,and its biological po-tencies were 0.389,0.110 IU/ml and 0.038 IU/ml,respectively. The LC50(s) of the bacteria against An. sinensis stageⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳwere 0.024,0.137,0.324 μg/ml and 0.450 μg/ml,respectively,and the biological potencies were 0.029,0.164,0.389 IU/ml and 0.540 IU/ml,respectively. Conclusion Bti wettable powder has a good toxicity to Aedes,Culex and Anopheles larvae,espe-cially for the latter two. It is better to apply the bacteria at the early stage of mosquito larvae.
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To investigate the toxic effects of cheonggukjang (CKJ) manufactured using mixed cultures of Bacillus subtilis MC31 and Lactobacillus sakei 383 on the liver and kidney of ICR mice, an alteration on the related markers including body weight, organ weight, urine composition, liver pathology and kidney pathology were analyzed after oral administration at dosage of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of CKJ for 14 days. Any significant toxicity was not observed on the body and organ weight, clinical phenotypes, urine parameters and mortality in the CKJ-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. Also, liver toxicity analysis revealed no significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in response to CKJ. Additionally, the specific pathological features induced by most toxic compounds were not observed upon liver histological analysis. Furthermore, kidney toxicological analysis revealed that blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and the serum creatinine (Cr) levels and pathological features on histological sections did not differ significantly between the vehicle- and CKJ-treated groups. Overall, these results suggest that CKJ does not induce any specific toxicity in liver and kidney organs of ICR at dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day as no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL).
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Animals , Mice , Administration, Oral , Alanine Transaminase , Alkaline Phosphatase , Aspartate Aminotransferases , Bacillus subtilis , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Body Weight , Creatinine , Kidney , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase , Lactobacillus , Liver , Mice, Inbred ICR , Mortality , No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level , Organ Size , Pathology , Phenotype , SoybeansABSTRACT
Lead exposure is toxic to children.With the development of industry,lead exposure of children becomes more and more serious.Bone is the major target organ for lead loading.In terms of bone development,childhood is a critical period for the production of peak bone mass,and keeping it normal is important for the measurement of bone health and decreasing the morbidity of osteoporosis.Recent research revealed that children's bone mineral density is affected by elevated level of blood lead and this effect is mainly through the inhibition of the activity of osteoblast cell,the influence on calcium and phosphorus metabolism,and the retardation of children's bone growth.Therefore,the review focuses on the source,toxic effect,and the influence on bone mineral density and its mechanism of children lead exposure.
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Red Liriope platyphylla (RLP) produced by steaming process has been reported to enhance the secretion of insulin and nerve growth factor (NGF). However, there has been no report on the toxicity of RLP in the specific organs of mice. To investigate the toxic effect of RLP, we tried to observe a significant alteration on body weight, food/water intake, organ weight, liver pathology and kidney pathology in female ICR mice received 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg body weight/day of RLP via gavage for 10 days. Out of seven organs including brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and ovary, two organs (heart and lung) showed significantly decreased weights in the medium dosage RLP-treated group, whereas weights of other organs were maintained at constant levels in all dosage groups. In the liver toxicity analysis, no significant increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate amino-transferase (AST) were detected in any RLP-treated group compared to vehicle-treated group. The specific pathological changes induced by most of toxic compounds were not observed in the liver in microscopic examination. Furthermore, in the kidney toxicological analysis, a significant enhancement of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was detected in the high dosage RLP-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, the serum creatinine (CA) concentration on the serum biochemistry as well as the pathological changes in microscopic examination were not significantly different between the vehicle- and RLP-treated groups. Therefore, these results suggest that RLP does not induce any specific toxicity in liver or kidney tissues of mice, although the BUN level slightly increased in 50.0 mg/kg of RLP-treated group.